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X-WR-CALDESC:Events for What Works
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BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240612T120000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240612T133000
DTSTAMP:20240531T090146Z
CREATED:20240508T130052Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240531T090146Z
UID:10000169-1718193600-1718199000@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:The Experimental Approach to Net Zero Policies
DESCRIPTION:The upcoming climate-critical decade will determine whether we progress sufficiently toward a net-zero economy to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees. Climate innovation\, alongside major behavioral change\, is critical for success\, as around 35 percent of the technologies necessary for net zero are not yet developed and/or deployed1. However\, despite having the most ambitious decarbonization agenda\, Europe still needs to create a culture and practice of evidence-based policy- and decision-making\, which is already emerging in the US2\,3. In the light of the billion euros being spent on green deal policies\, we urgently require better evidence on what energy innovation policy instruments are most effective4. To do so\, the continent should apply the scientific method to its net zero science policy\, which the US does with the Evidence-Based Policymaking Act. Specifically\, it should leverage experimental methods such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as sources of evidence to inform climate policies5. So far\, they are almost exclusively conducted in the field of development policies; where they received the Nobel prize for alleviating global poverty. Increasingly\, they have been used to make innovation policies more evidence-based6. We argue that their deployment for creating more evidence-based climate and green innovation policies is promising to maximize their effectiveness per Euro spent7. The method is often considered a gold standard of impact evaluation as it enables understanding of the causal effects of policies with a high level of confidence. Ideally\, they could help identify what works well – and what does not – in greening growth policies7. So far\, their potential is underexplored in the field of climate policies8\, especially covering firms9\, but also with regards to behavioral aspects of reducing carbon emissions10. The potential return on investment of such a paradigm shift is estimated to range between 21 and 37 percent11.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/the-experimental-approach-to-net-zero-policies/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240612T120000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240612T133000
DTSTAMP:20240531T090107Z
CREATED:20240508T125832Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240531T090107Z
UID:10000167-1718193600-1718199000@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:The Economic Impacts of Carbon Taxes in the Developing World: Evidence from South Africa
DESCRIPTION:The use of carbon taxes to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is gaining increasing attention\, both in developed and developing economies. However\, policymakers\, particularly those from developing countries\, still lack rigorous empirical evidence on various issues related to the effects of carbon taxes. Despite strong opposition from the industry\, South Africa was the first country on the African continent to introduce a carbon tax in 2019. Using detailed tax administrative data on the universe of South African firms\, we are the first to provide empirical evidence on the economic\, environmental and distributional consequences of the introduction of the carbon tax in 2019. Empirically\, we rely on a matched difference-in-difference approach\, where we compare economic outcomes of carbon tax firms with non-carbon tax firms over time. Preliminary results suggest that on average\, the introduction of the carbon tax did not impose any substantial costs on the economy. However\, we do find some sectoral heterogeneity in the effects.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/the-economic-impacts-of-carbon-taxes-in-the-developing-world-evidence-from-south-africa/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240612T120000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240612T133000
DTSTAMP:20240531T090033Z
CREATED:20240508T125718Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240531T090033Z
UID:10000166-1718193600-1718199000@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:European carbon pricing in boom and bust times
DESCRIPTION:In this study\, we explore the relationship between European carbon prices\, energy prices and the macroeconomy in boom and bust times. Utilizing a smooth transition structural VAR model\, we analyze monthly data spanning from 2006 to 2023. Our model benefits from identification through non-Gaussianity and the correlation with external carbon and energy shock series. Notably\, our analysis reveals heterogeneous effects observed across two distinct regimes of economic activity and when considering the cost pass-through to the transport sector specifically. Furthermore\, our findings support that crises affect carbon prices\, but challenge the notion of a strengthened linkage between carbon prices and economic performance in recent periods. Linking carbon price dynamics to the business cycle allows to discuss the role of a flexible emission cap in enhancing the effectiveness of carbon pricing across various economic conditions. This is particularly relevant for the recent extensions of the EU ETS to sectors like road transportation.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/european-carbon-pricing-in-boom-and-bust-times/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240612T120000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240612T133000
DTSTAMP:20240531T085953Z
CREATED:20240508T125319Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240531T085953Z
UID:10000165-1718193600-1718199000@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Does Free Public Transport Reduce Carbon Emissions? Causal Evidence from Luxembourg
DESCRIPTION:In March 2020\, Luxembourg became the first country in the world to offer free public transport across all modes of transport. We leverage this unique quasi-experimental setting to evaluate whether Luxembourg’s free public transport policy has induced a shift\nfrom private motorized transport to free public transport. To assess this shift we measure the reduction in carbon emissions from road transport as an indicator of reduced dependence on private motorized vehicles. We use spatial panel data from the European Emission Database on Global Atmospheric Research and utilize the recently proposed\nSynthetic Difference-in-Differences method that combines the advantages of the canonical Difference-in-Difference and Synthetic Control approaches. The study estimates a 6.5% reduction in road transport emissions as a result of the policy\, indicating a significant\nmodal shift from private vehicles to public transport. We carefully consider Luxembourg’s distinctive characteristics and account for the concurrent COVID-19 pandemic to address potential challenges associated with identification and control measures. In particular\, we control for confounding factors such as the COVID-related restrictions\,\nthe carbon taxation policies\, and changes in working-from-home. Event study analyses and robustness checks indicate the overall reliability of our results.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/does-free-public-transport-reduce-carbon-emissions-causal-evidence-from-luxembourg/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T153000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T170000
DTSTAMP:20240611T123321Z
CREATED:20240508T133014Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240611T123321Z
UID:10000185-1718119800-1718125200@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Lessons learned from randomized controlled experiments for energy and climate
DESCRIPTION:Over the past 10 years\, we have run over 10 large-scale field experiments with randomized counterfactuals focused on climate and energy. We have tested a variety of behavioral interventions to promote energy conservation\, load shifting\, and green technology adoption. High-frequency energy metering has allowed us to evaluate the impacts of these interventions at a high level of granularity and detail.\nIn this talk\, we plan to report on the lessons learned accumulated over the years. We discuss issues related to internal and external validity of the main findings\, summarize the main results in terms of effectiveness in reducing energy and CO2 emissions\, and most important heterogeneous effects.\nWe highlight the challenges and opportunities of using large-scale experimental methods in combination with big data and with alternative elicitation processes. We highlight the challenges and opportunities of using large-scale experimental methods in combination with big data and with alternative elicitation processes\, such as surveys or labs-in-the-field.\nWe conclude with a research process to make experimental methods more relevant in future IPCC assessments.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/lessons-learned-from-randomized-controlled-experiments-for-energy-and-climate/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T153000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T170000
DTSTAMP:20240529T095236Z
CREATED:20240508T083447Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T095236Z
UID:10000053-1718119800-1718125200@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Evidence mapping of behavioral interventions to promote sustainable mobility behavior
DESCRIPTION:Behavioral interventions are considered promising approaches to promote pro-environmental behavior. Applying these interventions in high-emission sectors such as transportation could help mitigating climate change. While systematic evidence synthesis is important for a variety of stakeholders within and beyond academia\, to our knowledge there are few systematic reviews and no systematic map focusing on behavioral interventions such as choice architecture and nudging in the mobility sector. Moreover\, while various and complex behaviors are relevant\, the syntheses on mobility to date focus on a limited number of behaviors such as mode choice. Against this background\, it is the objective of this research project to collect and catalog existing empirical evidence on behavioral interventions targeting different mobility-related outcomes in multiple contexts that focus on reducing the negative environmental impact of transportation. Thus\, the study aims to identify existing research foci and remaining research gaps. For this reason\, the evidence synthesis takes the form of a systematic map as described by the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE). It also follows the RepOrting Standards for Systematic Evidence Synthesis (ROSES). Our search strategy includes searching in six bibliographic databases\, one search engine\, and one thesis repository. A supplementary search to find grey literature comprises a large set of organizational websites\, snowball sampling\, and expert consultations. Screening will follow a three-step approach based on pre-specified PICO-FS screening criteria\, followed by a narrative synthesis. The analyzes will summarize\, among other things\, the current state of research with respect to the behavioral interventions tested\, as well as the respective mobility behaviors and contexts in which these techniques were deployed.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/evidence-mapping-of-behavioral-interventions-to-promote-sustainable-mobility-behavior/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T153000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T170000
DTSTAMP:20240529T095147Z
CREATED:20240508T083345Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T095147Z
UID:10000052-1718119800-1718125200@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Rebound effect in the era of energy transition
DESCRIPTION:This paper conducts a meta-analysis on rebound effects regarding the energy transition for household end-use services toward renewable energies (including photovoltaic\, biomass\, green electricity\, and heat pumps). The biomass and heat pump potentially lead to the highest size of rebound effect (approximately 33%). In addition\, the rebound effect regarding green electricity is about 1–3 % and even 11 % for low-income households. Focusing on residential solar/photovoltaic technologies\, it varies from a negative amount to nearly 30%. Only the solar domain supplies enough sample size to do the meta-regression. This model shows predictor variables driving the solar rebound effect(SRE) (estimated at around 15.49%) are feed-in-tariff (FIT) and the renewable share. A marginal percent in the renewable share or a one-cent change in FIT could result in a corresponding increase of SRE 0.21% and 0.34%\, respectively.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/rebound-effect-in-the-era-of-energy-transition/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T153000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T170000
DTSTAMP:20240529T095106Z
CREATED:20240508T083221Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T095106Z
UID:10000051-1718119800-1718125200@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Encouraging structural changes to private homes to reduce carbon emissions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of (quasi-)experimental evidence
DESCRIPTION:Reducing emissions from the building sector is one of the key steps in combating climate change\, as the building sector is responsible for about 38% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Private households have opportunities to reduce a significant proportion of these emissions by improving the energy efficiency of their buildings\, e.g. by refurbishing their insulation or heating systems. While such structural changes provide societal benefits\, households may still decide against energy efficiency related renovations due to the associated financial burden or behavioral economic factors\, such as status quo bias\, hyperbolic discounting\, or a lack of information. This review aims to synthesize evidence on policy interventions that reduce such barriers and encourage households to implement energy efficiency improvements. With a machine learning assisted systematic review and meta-analysis\, this study will quantitatively evaluate relevant literature across domains and assess how these interventions affect households’ decision to renovate. Until WWCSS\, we aim to complete the first phases of screening and tagging of studies in order to present a preliminary overview and initial results.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/encouraging-structural-changes-to-private-homes-to-reduce-carbon-emissions-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-quasi-experimental-evidence/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T153000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T170000
DTSTAMP:20240529T095024Z
CREATED:20240508T083103Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T095024Z
UID:10000050-1718119800-1718125200@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Behavioural interventions change transport behavior but have only a limited impact on transport mode split
DESCRIPTION:Prevalent systems of land transport\, centred around automobility\, are energy inefficient and involve high economic\, health and GHG emissions-related costs. As one class of solutions\, demand-side behavioural change interventions (or soft policy interventions) are promoted to reduce car use and shift travellers to low-carbon transport modes. However\, the relative effectiveness of such interventions in initiating transport behaviour change has not been evaluated systematically. Here\, we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the evidence on behavioural interventions in changing transport-related behavioural patterns. Relying on 37 literature reviews and 41 additional new studies\, we identify more than 450 cases of behavioural interventions. Our analysis reveals that behavioural measures are effective in increasing the percentage growth of public transit and active transport mode use as well as decreasing car use at the personal level. However\, their effectiveness in shifting commuters away from cars to more sustainable modes of transport at the aggregate level is limited. Our findings suggest that behavioural interventions have a role to play in reducing the health\, economic and environmental costs of car-centric transportation systems. We find that\, under the best-case scenario\, behavioural interventions can contribute up to a 5% per cent reduction of global GHG emissions from urban transport\, or about 150Mt CO2/yr\, a notable but limited potential compared to the reductions necessary to meet sectoral goals. Critical analysis of studies in our review indicates that interdisciplinary researchers interested in these issues should take a more strategic and rigorous approach—better study designs\, more representative samples\, and consideration of infrastructure effects—to determine which interventions are most effective in tackling multi-faceted urban transport issues.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/behavioural-interventions-change-transport-behavior-but-have-only-a-limited-impact-on-transport-mode-split/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T113000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T130000
DTSTAMP:20240529T111008Z
CREATED:20240508T093727Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T111008Z
UID:10000090-1718105400-1718110800@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:An Evidence and Gap Map of the ex-post literature on carbon pricing
DESCRIPTION:After more than 30 years of experience with implemented climate policies and a rapid growth in the scientific literature on these policies\, there is little overview about what policies have been empirically assessed for which policy outcomes. This may lead to duplicated research efforts and hinder rigorous syntheses of available evidence. To identify crucial research gaps and to lead the way towards ecosystems of reviews\, we compile an evidence and gap map focussing on ex-post policy assessments of carbon taxes and emission trading schemes. Preliminary results show that the scientific attention is heavily focussed on emission trading schemes in China and the EU\, while for many of the other 60 carbon pricing schemes the evidence is limited to no or very few scientific publications. We identify large bodies of evidence (>200 publications) which have not yet been synthesised in rigorous systematic reviews for the outcome categories competitiveness of firms and economies\, firm behaviour\, innovation and investment\, as well as price transmission to goods and services. We will provide the evidence and gap map as an interactive tool and accessible database to inform future research and to be used as a source for evidence syntheses on carbon pricing policies.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/an-evidence-and-gap-map-of-the-ex-post-literature-on-carbon-pricing/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T113000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T130000
DTSTAMP:20240529T110933Z
CREATED:20240508T093606Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T110933Z
UID:10000089-1718105400-1718110800@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:How effective were the Chinese regional emissions-trading schemes? A meta-analytic answer
DESCRIPTION:China is by far the largest CO2 emitter in the world and its emissions keep on rising. This makes China the single-most important country to study the effectiveness of national mitigation policies. One key pillar in China’s effort to reach its Paris targets while maintaining rapid economic growth are emissions-trading schemes (ETS). Starting in 2013\, China introduced several regional ETS to inform the introduction of a national ETS. Until the latter was rolled out in 2021\, the regional ETS combined were the second-largest ETS in the world. Utilizing China’s regional ETS as unique quasi-natural experiments\, a large strand of literature has emerged to rigorously study their effectiveness. In this study\, we systematically synthesize the existing evidence from publications written in English and Chinese.\nWhile most studies find that the regional ETS did reduce CO2 emissions\, the estimated magnitude of this effect varies greatly. Synthesizing estimates from more than 60 studies through meta-analysis\, we find that the true effect of the regional pilots under the assumption of no bias would be an overall reduction of around 14% over a period of around five years. This would imply effectiveness similar to what an OECD report estimated for the second phase of the EU-ETS (Dechezleprêtre et al.\, 2018). Worryingly\, there is strong evidence for a small-study effect\, possibly due to publication bias. In order to design future policies\, it is important to account for the possibility of publication bias in primary studies. Doing so leads to more pessimistic expectations of what the Chinese ETS may contribute to climate-change mitigation.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/how-effective-were-the-chinese-regional-emissions-trading-schemes-a-meta-analytic-answer/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T113000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T130000
DTSTAMP:20240529T110741Z
CREATED:20240508T093435Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T110741Z
UID:10000088-1718105400-1718110800@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Five decades of research on border carbon adjustments – a systematic review of the literature
DESCRIPTION:In a world of nationally determined climate action\, ambitious climate policies in some regions that are not matched by similar efforts in trade partners entail the risk of carbon leakage. Carbon border adjustment mechanisms that impose carbon costs comparable to those of domestic producers are a way to level the playing field and alleviate leakage risks. Such mechanisms have been debated in the academic literature for about 50 years\, but only very recently seen practical implementation in the European Union (EU)\, whose Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) imposes a price comparable to that applied under the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on emissions embedded in imports of certain carbon-intensive basic materials\, such as iron and steel. Previous papers have surveyed the literature on carbon border adjustments in a variety of disciplines\, including economics\, legal studies and political science\, with the last comprehensive literature review conducted over a decade ago. We aim to extend and update these contributions by conducting a systematic review of the relevant literature. Based on a keyword search\, we will establish a database of articles to be reviewed. These will be coded to track the evolution of topics addressed in such research and the interest of different scientific communities over time. These insights will then be used to single out major issues on which scholars agree or disagree\, and to identify the underlying reasons for overlapping or conflicting views. Finally\, the systematic review will also help identify remaining research gaps in light of the evolving political debate around BCAs.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/five-decades-of-research-on-border-carbon-adjustments-a-systematic-review-of-the-literature/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T113000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T130000
DTSTAMP:20240529T110711Z
CREATED:20240508T093317Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T110711Z
UID:10000087-1718105400-1718110800@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:The carbon pricing paradox
DESCRIPTION:Carbon pricing\, in varied forms\, is an expression of economic theory known for close to 100 years\, and has been proposed in climate policy analysis for 35 years. Yet global progress remains patchy and clearly inadequate\, and in the US – the country in which economists most actively and persistently promoted the carbon pricing agenda – carbon pricing is generally considered “off the table” of any serious political debate. \nTo date\, the IPCC has consistently failed to reach either consistency\, between models and empirics\, or consensus\, between IPCC authors with conflicting world-views on carbon pricing. This talk would outline this background\, arguing a missed opportunity in the Sixth Assessment. \nAgainst this realpolitik empirical background\, this talk would advance a paradox: that carbon pricing can only succeed if its proponents become more modest in what it can realistically deliver; more fundamentally aware of not just distributional but also of political and psychological determinants; and acknowledge the vital contribution of complementary policy instruments. Building upon a recent paper in the Oxford Journal of Economic Policy\, the presentation will advance a broadened economic theory\, as well as political basis\, for regarding other instruments not as “second best”\, but as part of a set of complementary actions necessarily required to foster deep decarbonisation. \nAt the same time\, the presentation will warn against a growing tendency in some academic circles to diminish or disregard the contribution of carbon pricing entirely. Drawing upon empirical observations about the importance of energy prices over long periods\, as well as more fundamental economic principles\, the paper will argue that in the long run it will be impossible to secure deep decarbonisation without strong and robust carbon pricing. \nThe challenge is how to get there\, and intersections of evidence\, theory\, and process we might need to do so.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/the-carbon-pricing-paradox/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T113000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T130000
DTSTAMP:20240529T110639Z
CREATED:20240508T093152Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T110639Z
UID:10000086-1718105400-1718110800@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Greenhouse gas (GHG) pricing and mortality: evidence from a systematic review and meta-regression
DESCRIPTION:According to the World Health Organization (WHO)\, the climate crisis constitutes the “greatest threat to global health in the 21st century”\, the impacts of which are extremely unequally distributed. Economic activity associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions results in air pollution mortality\, among other consequences for ill-health. The air quality experienced by 99% of the global population does not meet WHO recommended standards. Thereby\, air pollution is thought responsible for one in 14 deaths. Health co-benefits of climate mitigation generally and GHG pricing specifically are currently largely ignored in policy assessment and decision-making. \nWe present a systematic review and meta-regression of statistical modelling studies analysing how GHG pricing could change ambient air pollution mortality. We find a reduction of ambient air pollution mortality associated with GHG pricing and examine the variation in findings across contexts using meta-regression. However\, there were various threats to validity in the studies – for example\, they often lacked calibration using observational data – meaning that our confidence in the studies was not always high. More generally\, there is a need for more transparent reporting\, which could be facilitated by accepted reporting standards in the field. Our systematic searches identified a relative lack of studies in upper middle- and lower middle-income countries where air pollution is particularly high. Future studies examining the health effects of GHG pricing in these contexts are needed. As with other urgent public health crisis such as Covid-19\, these need to be assessed based on currently available evidence.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/greenhouse-gas-ghg-pricing-and-mortality-evidence-from-a-systematic-review-and-meta-regression/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T093000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T110000
DTSTAMP:20240529T114122Z
CREATED:20240508T112542Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T114122Z
UID:10000145-1718098200-1718103600@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Long-term Degradation Rate of Photovoltaic Modules: A Meta-analysis
DESCRIPTION:A critical factor in determining the ecological and economic benefits of photovoltaic investments is the projected lifespan of the installed photovoltaic modules. Therefore\, a well-founded estimate of the decline in power output over an extended period is essential in assessing whether an installation under a specific set of conditions can meet performance expectations. This power decline\, commonly referred to as degradation rate\, is dependent on multiple factors that result in a large heterogeneity of contingency factors determining the degradation rate. To derive the summarized effect of all reported degradation rates of outdoor exposed photovoltaic modules across the academic literature and explain the large differences observed\, we conducted a meta-regression analysis of 85 primary studies reporting 699 observations for the degradation rate. Using a wide set of moderator variables\, including geographical characteristics\, installation differences\, methodological differences\, and publication characteristics\, the analysis revealed a median degradation rate of 0.94 %/year\, with the cell technology\, mounting location\, and methodological differences being the main drivers of heterogeneity in reported degradation rate observations. Interestingly\, technological advances have not been found to systematically reduce reported degradation rates. Finally\, we use the meta-regression results to derive an implied degradation rate under best practice conditions and found the widely employed crystalline silicon modules degrade at rates of 0.39 % to 1.44 %/year. In contrast\, thin-film modules exhibit degradation rates twice as high at around 2 %/year. Consequently\, the empirical literature suggests a projected lifespan of 51 years under the most favorable conditions\, i.e.\, a well-ventilated installation of crystalline silicon modules mounted in cold climate conditions. The results of this study can guide future research as we summarize the status quo of the academic evidence on photovoltaic degradation. Moreover\, the aggregated degradations can serve as a benchmark for future photovoltaic investment decisions.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/mapping-and-synthesising-the-rigorous-evidence-base-of-sustainable-energy-in-lmics/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T093000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T110000
DTSTAMP:20240529T114041Z
CREATED:20240508T112442Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T114041Z
UID:10000144-1718098200-1718103600@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Systematic review of the achieved emissions reductions of carbon offset projects across all major sectors
DESCRIPTION:Many net-zero emission targets by governments and fi¬rms rely on offsetting emissions. Several studies have raised concerns about the environmental integrity of individual offset projects\, though systematic evidence is missing. We synthesised existing rigorous empirical studies evaluating 2\,353 offset projects across all major offset sectors. Our analysis shows that offset projects achieved considerably lower emissions reductions than officially claimed. We estimate that only 12 % of the total volume of existing credits across four major sectors constitute real emissions reductions\, with 0 % for wind power\, 0 % for improved forest management\, 9.6 % for cookstoves\, 22.1 % for REDD+ and 59.6 % for chemical processes. Our results thus indicate that 88% of the total credit volume across these four sectors in the voluntary carbon market does not constitute real emissions reductions. This offset achievement gap corresponds to almost twice the annual German CO2 emissions. Our results do not apply to novel and permanent carbon removal methods that are currently emerging.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/systematic-review-of-the-achieved-emissions-reductions-of-carbon-offset-projects-across-all-major-sectors/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T093000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T110000
DTSTAMP:20240529T113509Z
CREATED:20240508T112244Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T113509Z
UID:10000142-1718098200-1718103600@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Co-benefits of CO2 emission reduction from China’s green finance pilot policy between 2012-2020
DESCRIPTION:At present nearly 150 countries and regions are ready to propose or have already proposed carbon neutral targets\, and finance is a key issue in global climate governance. China has pledged to “strive to reach the peak before 2030 and strive to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060”\, which requires up to 100 trillion yuan of financial support\, urgently needs the financial system to support green investment and financing activities in a market-oriented way.The green finance reform and Innovation Demonstration Zone is an important practice of green finance in China and plays an important role in addressing climate change.In this paper\, 8 green finance pilot cities in China and the other 269 prefecture-level cities between 2012-2020 are selected as the research objects\, and the effect and mechanism of pollution reduction and carbon reduction policies in the pilot area are deeply studied\, and the DID model and the mediation effect model be conducted empirical analysis .The results show that the China’s green finance pilot policy of the experimental area has a remarkable effect on reducing pollution and carbon emissions\, and the effect is increasing year by year. From the study of the mechanism of the policy in the green finance pilot cities\, it is found that the policy mainly exerts the effect of reducing pollution and carbon through optimizing the energy consumption structure and promoting the upgrading of industrial structure.Based on this\,it should focus on the optimization of energy structure and the upgrading of industrial structure\, increase green technology innovation\, and improve policies according to local conditions to promote the further development of the pilot cities.In addition\, it is necessary to give play to the demonstration role of the pilot zone policy\, promote its advanced experience\, and promote other cities across the country to jointly contribute to China’s “double carbon” goal
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/co-benefits-of-co2-emission-reduction-from-chinas-green-finance-pilot-policy-between-2012-2020/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T093000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T110000
DTSTAMP:20240529T113417Z
CREATED:20240508T112129Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T113417Z
UID:10000141-1718098200-1718103600@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Adding Water to the Nexus: A Systematic Review of Carbon\, Biodiversity\, and Water Offsetting
DESCRIPTION:Offsetting has become an increasingly prominent instrument in climate and environmental policy. The focus here is primarily on carbon and biodiversity offsetting\, with water being added as a new type of offset. In the discussions to date\, these three offsetting types have largely been considered in isolation. This could lead to new externalities caused by the individual offset types that are not taken into account\, such as neglecting the impact on biodiversity when planting tree monocultures for a carbon offsetting project. To enable multi-dimensional environmental policy\, a nexus approach is needed to assess carbon\, biodiversity and water offsetting and identify potential synergies and trade-offs. The aim of this work is twofold: to introduce water as a new offsetting type and to illustrate the intersection between the different offsetting types. This contribution aims to facilitate such a nexus approach\, with a systematic literature review\, using the AI-aided open source systematic review software AS Reviewer to support an efficient evidence synthesis. The results provide a comparison of the three offsetting types alongside multiple offsetting characteristics including mitigation hierarchy\, net-discourse\, and project types. In this way\, we can outline the commonalities of offset types along with the mitigation hierarchies and contrast them with a discussion of their differences using the discourses of carbon neutrality\, no-net loss\, and water neutrality. The results additionally indicate that publications dealing with at least two offsetting types are still scarce. Publications that meet this criterion\, for example\, discuss ways of pooling different types of offsets (credit stacking and bundling) or propose carbon credits as a financing mechanism for water offsetting. With this systematic literature review\, we give insights into the complex relationships between carbon\, biodiversity\, and water offsetting. The results serve as a building block to develop comprehensive and multi-dimensional environmental policies.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/adding-water-to-the-nexus-a-systematic-review-of-carbon-biodiversity-and-water-offsetting/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T093000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T110000
DTSTAMP:20240529T113329Z
CREATED:20240508T112020Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T113329Z
UID:10000140-1718098200-1718103600@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Systematic review of the effectiveness of green financial policies in re-directing finance flows in line with the Paris Agreement
DESCRIPTION:Reaching a pathway towards net zero GHG emissions requires massive investments in low-carbon infrastructure. At the same time\, it is crucial to rapidly transition finance away from fossil assets. Accordingly\, the redirection of finance flows is a key objective of the Paris Agreement (Art. 2.1c). Over the last decade\, countries have started to enact policies to influence financial actors to this end\, with 136 such “green financial policies” reported as of 2019 in the OECD alone (cf. Steffen 2021 ERL). While it is generally agreed that such green financial policies can complement “real economy” policies like carbon pricing\, technology subsidies\, or energy sector regulation\, the actual impact of financial policy interventions is poorly understood. Conceptual studies suggest a variety of potential outcomes: Effects on firms’ emission intensity\, re-allocation of capital between high-carbon/low-carbon firms\, and also intermediate outcomes that eventually lead to a change in emission intensity or capital allocation (e.g.\, quality of climate-related financial disclosures\, mark-ups/discounts in the cost of capital). An increasing body of primary empirical research evaluates past interventions\, with numerous studies studying especially disclosure requirements\, green state investment banks\, and interventions by central banks. However\, the piecemeal evidence base has not been synthesized so far\, making it hard to derive learnings that apply across regional and time-specific contexts. To fill this gap\, we conduct a systematic review of green financial policy effectiveness in OECD countries. As a first step\, we present a rigorous qualitative synthesis of evidence concerning impact channels and outcome measures (drawing on both empirical studies and computational modeling studies). Building on its result\, the second step uses empirical literature only and conducts a quantitative meta-analysis concerning the impact of climate-related disclosure requirements\, and green state investment banks. We also derive important research gaps and avenues forward for green financial policy analysis.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/systematic-review-of-the-effectiveness-of-green-financial-policies-in-re-directing-finance-flows-in-line-with-the-paris-agreement/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T093000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240611T110000
DTSTAMP:20240609T113916Z
CREATED:20240508T082931Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240609T113916Z
UID:10000049-1718098200-1718103600@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Demand-side interventions for sustainable food systems: A meta-analysis of food policy interventions targeting food consumption and waste behaviours
DESCRIPTION:It is now widely accepted that a significant portion of emission reductions required to meet net-zero targets must come from individual behaviour change. Shifting consumers towards more sustainable food consumption and avoiding food waste have been identified as key levers to mitigate climate change and slow biodiversity decline. However\, there remains a lack of knowledge on which food policy interventions can best harness this potential. Here\, we use a rigorous\, machine-learning-assisted systematic review and meta-analysis to comparatively assess the effectiveness of demand-side interventions targeting actual (or incentivised) food consumption and waste behaviours at the individual and household levels to comparatively assess the effectiveness of demand-side interventions targeting actual (or incentivised) food consumption and waste behaviours at the individual and household level. Based on 211 effect sizes comprising over 4.5 million observations\, we find a small overall effect size across all food consumption interventions (z = 0.15)\, and a small to medium effect size for food waste interventions (z = 0.20). When accounting for moderate publication bias\, these estimates are reduced to 0.10 and 0.18\, respectively\, but remain statistically significant at conventional levels. Our analysis reveals that\, in both domains\, structural choice architecture interventions are most effective in changing behaviour\, followed by monetary incentives. Sensitivity analysis shows that the current evidence base is characterised by substantial heterogeneity across studies\, which is not systematically related to variability in internal and external validity of studies. Our results underscore the necessity for future research to be carefully designed to uncover the factors determining when\, how and why interventions are effective.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/demand-side-interventions-for-sustainable-food-systems-a-meta-analysis-of-food-policy-interventions-targeting-food-consumption-and-waste-behaviours/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240610T150000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240610T163000
DTSTAMP:20240529T083612Z
CREATED:20240515T080654Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T083612Z
UID:10000259-1718031600-1718037000@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Research and Policy Panel on Climate-Resilient Agriculture
DESCRIPTION:A panel discussion on climate-resilient agricultural technologies and practices with J-PAL staff and researcher Arnaud Dakpogan
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/how-research-can-influence-policy-panel/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240610T150000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240610T163000
DTSTAMP:20240529T083528Z
CREATED:20240515T080510Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240529T083528Z
UID:10000258-1718031600-1718037000@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:Evidence Synthesis on Climate-Resilient Agriculture
DESCRIPTION:In light of the need for evidence-based policy to build small-scale farmers’ resiliency\, J-PAL staff present findings from randomized and quasi-experimental evaluations of climate-resilient agricultural technologies and practices. \nSmall-scale farmers in low- and middle-income countries are critical to global food security\, and yet their welfare and livelihoods are extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts. More frequent extreme weather events like rainfall shocks and slow-onset change like warmer and drier conditions reduce harvest stability. Global food production exacerbates these impacts\, emitting approximately one quarter of greenhouse gas emissions annually. As such\, national governments are integrating agriculture and food systems into National Adaptation Plans\, Nationally Determined Contributions\, and other related strategies. Building small-scale farmers’ resilience is complex\, and stewarding environmental health and enhancing agricultural productivity have often been seen as at odds with each other in policy decisions. \nIn light of the need for evidence-based policy to build small-scale farmers’ resiliency\, J-PAL staff will synthesize and present findings from rigorous and policy-relevant randomized and quasi-experimental evaluations of climate-resilient agricultural technologies and practices. Covering over 20 evaluations from J-PAL’s Agricultural Technology Adoption Initiative and King Climate Action Initiative\, the presentation highlights policy approaches and considerations to support farmers to maintain well-being in the face of climate shocks. \nNew and traditional climate-resilient technologies and practices like improved seeds and rainwater harvesting techniques can minimize crop loss\, support farmers’ productivity and\, in some cases\, counter the degradation of environmental systems. However\, these adaptations do not fully support small-scale farmers to maintain or improve their livelihoods. Social protection programs like cash transfers and income diversification support are critical policy tools to complement agricultural technologies to sustain farmers’ welfare\, strengthen food systems\, and buttress the resilience of environmental systems. \nThe session will highlight specific studies and identify lessons across evaluations in various contexts to inform policymakers on how to build evidence-based policies and programs to support small-scale farmers adapt to the evolving challenges of climate change.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/evidence-based-policy-approaches-to-building-small-scale-farmers-climate-resiliency/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240610T130000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240610T143000
DTSTAMP:20240531T085026Z
CREATED:20240508T133352Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240531T085026Z
UID:10000187-1718024400-1718029800@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:The Impact of Demand Response on Energy Consumption and Economic Welfare
DESCRIPTION:In 2022 and 2023\, the Electricity System Operator of Great Britain introduced the first-ever country level Demand Flexibility Service\, a program aimed at encouraging utilities and the general population to curtail energy demand during peak times. The DFS auctioned off MWh reductions to the grid. Octopus Energy\, a utility\, was the largest participant in this service\, implementing the initiative under the title ‘Saving Sessions’. This comprised 13 individual demand response sessions offered to 1.4 million Octopus Energy customers\, with incentives awarded for reducing energy consumption. \nCentre for Net Zero (CNZ)\, an impact-driven research unit\, conducted research into how Octopus Energy customers responded to these flexibility events. As part of the Octopus Energy Group\, CNZ has access to its large and valuable customer dataset\, providing a unique insight into energy behaviours. We operate autonomously and set our own research agenda. \nUtilising comprehensive consumer data and employing various identification methods\, we estimated the impact of this nationwide program on energy demand and economic welfare. \nAdditionally\, we conducted a natural field experiment involving different advance notice periods and incentives provided to customers for their participation in a Saving Session. We found: (i) the Saving Sessions resulted in a 10% reduction in energy demand associated with being invited to participate and\, based on an estimated local average treatment effect\, a 40% reduction from those actively opting in to Sessions (where individuals manually made adjustments within their homes to change demand); (ii) shorter advance notice periods for signed up customers dampened the demand response from these households by 25%\, according to our preferred model specifications; and (iii) the Saving Sessions demonstrated a marginal value of public funds between 1.05 and 2.6\, depending on when the grid is approaching a blackout\, indicating that the program yielded positive benefits relative to the costs involved.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/the-impact-of-demand-response-on-energy-consumption-and-economic-welfare/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240610T130000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240610T143000
DTSTAMP:20240531T084747Z
CREATED:20240508T132855Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240531T084747Z
UID:10000184-1718024400-1718029800@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:'Moments of change' and low-carbon behaviours: A multidisciplinary\, systematic review
DESCRIPTION:Behaviour change is required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit climate change. Over the last two decades\, there has been considerable interest in particular instances when people’s habits and routines become more amenable to change. These instances are referred to as ‘moments of change’ (MoCs). The recent and rapid increase in research in this area calls for a systematic review of the topic. We draw upon evidence from 132 articles\, identified through Scopus and Web of Science\, on the effects of biographical (e.g.\, relocation) and exogenous (e.g.\, financial crises) life events on climate change mitigation behaviours (e.g.\, mobility). Most of the research is concentrated on the Global North\, (UK\, USA\, Germany\, etc.) and often there are confounding factors within studies’ designs and methodologies. There are mixed results in terms of support for behaviour change during MoCs. Frequently\, if there is evidence of behaviour changes\, they are dependent on contextual (e.g.\, physical infrastructure)\, demographic\, social\, and economic factors. Articles focus more on biographical MoCs (particularly relocation) than exogenous MoCs\, and on consumption behaviours (particularly mobility)\, rather than on social or political behaviours\, such as activism. Few of the papers explicitly test theories or models; the ones which do mostly concentrate on the habit discontinuity hypothesis. Future research could focus on investigating more granular details of MoCs (e.g.\, habits\, planning\, timing) and how interventions might be better targeted to capitalise on MoCs. This review highlights the importance of considering when\, as well as how\, to foster low-carbon behaviour change.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/moments-of-change-and-low-carbon-behaviours-a-multidisciplinary-systematic-review/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240610T130000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20240610T143000
DTSTAMP:20240531T084341Z
CREATED:20240508T132721Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20240531T084341Z
UID:10000183-1718024400-1718029800@whatworksclimate.solutions
SUMMARY:The Implications of Behavioural Science for Effective Climate Policy
DESCRIPTION:The UK committed to achieve legally binding Net Zero targets by 2050\, which requires significant behaviour changes of consumers\, business leaders\, and others across all sectors. This literature review\, commissioned by the UK Climate Change Committee (CCC) [1]\, synthesises key findings and implications of behavioural science for effective climate policy in eight main sectors: diet change\, reducing end-user consumption\, aviation\, adaptation\, Net Zero skills and careers\, business leaders and the transition to sustainability\, land use and farming\, and policy acceptability.\nWe used Scopus to find relevant academic literature and issued a call for evidence to experts and stakeholders in the environmental field for further input. Additionally\, we used Google searches for relevant grey literature. In total\, we found 398 sources and synthesised key findings from important review papers\, supported by relevant studies and reports when reviews were not available or recent enough. The initial findings were discussed at a roundtable with invited experts to inform final policy recommendations.\nThe review revealed that behaviour change towards low-carbon or climate-resilient actions is influenced by individual factors (knowledge\, values)\, social factors (norms\, group identity)\, and practical factors (functionality\, ease\, price). We found that ‘midstream’ and ‘upstream’ interventions – focusing on making behaviour easier and shifting social norms\, respectively – prove more effective than ‘downstream’ approaches\, which focus on individuals’ motivation.\nKey takeaways for using behavioural science in climate policy include prioritising impactful and feasible behavioural targets\, tailoring interventions using theoretical models\, combining downstream and upstream approaches\, tailoring to diverse populations\, timing interventions strategically\, engaging the public\, and improving evidence and policy evaluation. We will discuss the specific recommendations for the eight sectors and implications for climate policy more generally. \n[1]: Disclaimer: These are CAST research findings and recommendations and are not CCC or CCC endorsed recommendations.
URL:https://whatworksclimate.solutions/presentation/the-implications-of-behavioural-science-for-effective-climate-policy/
LOCATION:H 0107
END:VEVENT
END:VCALENDAR